![]() Response of human pulmonary epithelial cells to lipopolysaccharide involves Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-dependent signaling pathways: evidence for an intracellular compartmentalization of TLR4. Allergenicity resulting from functional mimicry of a Toll-like receptor complex protein. TLR4 signaling in stromal cells is critical for the initiation of allergic TH2 responses to inhaled antigen. House dust mite allergen induces asthma via Toll-like receptor 4 triggering of airway structural cells. In vivo depletion of lung CD11c + dendritic cells during allergen challenge abrogates the characteristic features of asthma. Inflammatory dendritic cells-not basophils-are necessary and sufficient for induction of TH2 immunity to inhaled house dust mite allergen. Lung dendritic cells in respiratory viral infection and asthma: from protection to immunopathology. A major lung CD103 (αE)-β7 integrin–positive epithelial dendritic cell population expressing Langerin and tight junction proteins. ![]() Biology of lung dendritic cells at the origin of asthma. Defective epithelial barrier function in asthma. Persistent activation of dendritic cells after resolution of allergic airway inflammation breaks tolerance to inhaled allergens in mice. Respiratory syncytial virus infection provokes airway remodelling in allergen-exposed mice in absence of prior allergen sensitization. A novel subset of CD4 + TH2 memory/effector cells that produce inflammatory IL-17 cytokine and promote the exacerbation of chronic allergic asthma. T-helper type 2-driven inflammation defines major subphenotypes of asthma. Functions of T cells in asthma: more than just TH2 cells. Gene expression patterns of TH2 inflammation and intercellular communication in asthmatic airways. Predominant TH2-like bronchoalveolar T lymphocyte population in atopic asthma. Endotyping asthma: new insights into key pathogenic mechanisms in a complex, heterogeneous disease. ![]()
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